Other important coenzymes

Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a class of lipid soluble quinone compounds widely present in living organisms. It exists in the inner membrane of mitochondria and is an indispensable hydrogen transporter in the biological oxidative respiratory chain. The number of side chain isopentene units of coenzyme Q from different sources varies, with humans and mammals having 10 isopentene units, hence the name coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 plays an important role in proton shift and electron transfer in the respiratory chain of the body. It is an activator of cellular respiration and metabolism, as well as an important antioxidant and non-specific immune enhancer. It provides sufficient oxygen to the myocardium, prevents sudden heart disease, and plays a key role in the process of myocardial hypoxia. Coenzyme Q10 is a natural antioxidant that can prevent the formation of free radicals, help maintain the normal functioning of the immune system, and delay aging. [5]
Glutathione
Glutathione is a small molecular weight intracellular tripeptide, namely γ - L-glutamyl-L-cysteine glycine. In most biological cells, the main function of glutathione is to protect the thiol groups of some proteins to maintain their reduced state. Glutathione also plays a role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide produced in the body, but these are not the functions of coenzymes. Glutathione also functions as a coenzyme for some enzymes, such as glyoxalase and Maleoacetate isomerase. Glutathione is also a coenzyme involved in the oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid in the body.
Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG)
It is a type of nucleoside diphosphate carbohydrate that mainly plays a role in carbohydrate synthesis as a coenzyme. Other nucleoside diphosphate sugars that can serve as coenzymes include uridine diphosphate galactose (UDPGal), uridine diphosphate mannose (UDPMan), etc. They are very important in carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism. For example, UDPG, as a coenzyme of Galactose-4-epimerase, plays a role in the metabolism of D-galactose:
D-galactose-1-phosphate+UDPG [355-04]
UDPGal+D-glucose-1-phosphate
Vitamin K family
Some members of the vitamin K family may play certain coenzyme roles in living organisms. Some clues have been obtained regarding the function of coenzymes in the carboxylation of glutamate residues. Menaquinones (also known as vitamin K2) are likely coenzymes of enzymes in certain bacteria that convert dihydroorotic acid into orotic acid.